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ridethepig
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:extra {:page 345}}
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||||
70600
assets/ostep_1681115599584_0.pdf
Normal file
70600
assets/ostep_1681115599584_0.pdf
Normal file
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
||||
-
|
||||
-
|
||||
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
||||
- 
|
||||
-
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
||||
file-path:: ../assets/ostep_1680491762166_0.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
- 
|
||||
- virtualization, concurrency, and persistence
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 1
|
||||
@ -616,22 +617,22 @@ file-path:: ../assets/ostep_1680491762166_0.pdf
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 642fced7-c809-4d1e-bddb-da6474e851b8
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- havoc
|
||||
- havoc 浩劫；灾害；祸患
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 173
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 642fcf85-6cfb-4eb9-aef2-ddcef7027b70
|
||||
- wreak
|
||||
- wreak 造成（巨大的破坏或伤害）；施行（报复）
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 173
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 642fcf90-3133-4002-b986-4fd8157ab707
|
||||
- ghastly
|
||||
- ghastly 可怕的；惨白的；惊人的；极坏的
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 174
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 642fcfa9-c026-4885-9f50-029ca80ce148
|
||||
- juncture
|
||||
- juncture 接缝；连接；接合；特定时刻，关头；
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 174
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
@ -1232,11 +1233,11 @@ file-path:: ../assets/ostep_1680491762166_0.pdf
|
||||
hl-page:: 289
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433a2a0-7ba4-46cf-b1ec-fc02ce4c7916
|
||||
- hog
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
- hog 多占；独占；（供食用的）猪
|
||||
hl-page:: 289
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433a4fb-da6c-4741-a962-6c95c7fd9f0c
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
- swoop 俯冲；突然袭击；突击搜查；突然行动
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 291
|
||||
@ -1301,42 +1302,42 @@ file-path:: ../assets/ostep_1680491762166_0.pdf
|
||||
periodically move bottom of the *active* list to *inactive* list
|
||||
within the 2 lists, manage pages in LRU order
|
||||
- When replacing, the candidate is taken from the *inactive* list.
|
||||
- tract
|
||||
- tract 束；地带；小册子；大片土地
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 295
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433b29c-817e-44f0-a02e-8ab14f6fe764
|
||||
- yell
|
||||
- yell 大喊；喊叫；叫嚷；
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 296
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433b321-04d6-4118-9d04-80758598654e
|
||||
- scorn
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
- scorn 轻蔑；不屑一顾；
|
||||
hl-page:: 296
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433b345-d17f-48ea-b0d4-ec3eba091be4
|
||||
- subverted
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
- subvert 颠覆；暗中破坏；使背叛；
|
||||
hl-page:: 297
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433b6c0-0673-41c5-93a5-8280f5a6ab4b
|
||||
- speculative
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 301
|
||||
id:: 6433b6c0-0673-41c5-93a5-8280f5a6ab4b
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
- speculative 推测的；投机的；
|
||||
hl-page:: 301
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433b625-8749-4211-8d7a-3770dcd86ec2
|
||||
- multitude
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
- multitude 众多；群众；人群；大量
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 302
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433b5fa-2c4f-434c-9ab8-5142eb2cec45
|
||||
- shudder
|
||||
- shudder 战栗；强烈的震动；
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 305
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433bb38-56f9-47b1-b4d1-617c8693eb50
|
||||
- cheapskate
|
||||
- cheapskate 小气鬼；守财奴
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 306
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
|
||||
133
pages/hls__ostep_1681115599584_0.md
Normal file
133
pages/hls__ostep_1681115599584_0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
file:: [ostep_1681115599584_0.pdf](../assets/ostep_1681115599584_0.pdf)
|
||||
file-path:: ../assets/ostep_1681115599584_0.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
- # Part II
|
||||
- thread
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 311
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 6433ca28-1bdf-433d-8ed9-0d54bf5ba940
|
||||
- share the same address space and thus can access the same data
|
||||
- context switch: the address space remains the same
|
||||
hl-page:: 311
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433cb70-d168-4863-8268-1e969df6ce06
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- thread control blocks
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 311
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 6433cb56-fbef-46da-83c2-13fa2dba2967
|
||||
- thread-local storage: one stack per thread in the address space
|
||||
hl-page:: 312
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433cba2-61bd-4549-a29f-2ad85b3e30cd
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- Why thread?
|
||||
- possible speedup through parallelization
|
||||
- enable overlap of IO in a single program
|
||||
- Though these could be done through multi-processing, threading makes share data easier
|
||||
- KEY CONCURRENCY TERMS
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 323
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 6433eabf-48d6-4776-b66f-a5f7804d1ddc
|
||||
- **indeterminate**: the results depend on the timing execution of the code.
|
||||
- race condition
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 320
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 6433e4cc-69e4-4057-8cc6-1766240d82f4
|
||||
- A **critical section** is a piece of code that accesses a shared variable (or resource) and must not be concurrently executed by more than one thread.
|
||||
hl-page:: 320
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433e52b-1f38-4f7c-b168-0aed624f9bdf
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- **mutual exclusion**: This property guarantees that if one thread is executing within the *critical section*, the others will be prevented from doing so.
|
||||
hl-page:: 320
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433e566-e6ef-45b3-84b1-eba981be914a
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- Atomicity: *as a unit*, or, *all or none*
|
||||
hl-page:: 321
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433e6a1-407c-4936-b184-dee868ef4107
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- synchronization primitives
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 322
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 6433e729-7043-453b-8d60-6e6c41560543
|
||||
- sane 精神健全的；神志正常的；明智的；理智的
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 322
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433e6e7-d995-4b69-96b3-261b79f94c1d
|
||||
- Thread API
|
||||
hl-page:: 327
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433f35b-403b-4b25-b9f9-076e9e34777e
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- `pthread_create` `pthread_join` `pthread_mutex_lock` `pthread_cond_*`
|
||||
- Locks
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 339
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 6433f45b-0345-4790-8379-3d1a94e57ef5
|
||||
- A lock is just a variable
|
||||
hl-page:: 339
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433f4ba-f2e4-4743-a536-e2b7747433b7
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- **lock variable**: some type of variable, which holds the *state* of the lock(and maybe additional data such as its holder or a queue for acquisition)
|
||||
- **lock state**: available (or unlocked or free); acquired (or locked or held)
|
||||
- **lock routines**:
|
||||
- `lock()` tries to acquire the lock. If no other thread holds the lock, the thread will acquire the lock and enter the critical section(become the owner of the lock). Otherwise, it will not return while the lock is held by another thread.
|
||||
- `unlock()` : The owner of the lock calls `unlock()`, then it is *available* again. If there are waiting threads, one of them will (eventually) notice (or be informed of) this change of the lock's state, acquire the lock, and enter the critical section.
|
||||
- Locks help transform the chaos that is traditional OS scheduling into a more controlled activity
|
||||
hl-page:: 340
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433f5e6-bc06-42a9-866e-e9a3053f528f
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- Controlling Interrupts
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 342
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 6433fbfd-a1bf-4fd9-a54d-e15189c77b15
|
||||
- For *single-processor* systems, **disable interrupts** for critical sections.
|
||||
- Problems
|
||||
- disable interrupts is privileged. In the worst case, the OS may never regain control when the interrupt isn't going to be enabled.
|
||||
- does NOT work on multi-processor systems, each CPU has its own interrupt state
|
||||
- importance interrupts may get lost
|
||||
- inefficient
|
||||
- Just Using Loads/Stores(Fail)
|
||||
hl-page:: 343
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433fe7e-2221-41ee-ad6b-7deaa4459aa5
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- use a simple variable (flag) to indicate whether some thread has possession of a lock
|
||||
hl-page:: 343
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 6433ff4a-856d-4e4b-af30-6cb600aefeb5
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
- On acquisition, load, test the flag. If free, set the flag; If not free, spin-wait(loop load and test).
|
||||
- On releasing, clear the flag.
|
||||
- Problem
|
||||
- When interrupted between load and test, *mutual exclusion* is broken.
|
||||
- Low efficiency because of spin-waiting.
|
||||
- Spin Locks with Test-And-Set
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 344
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
id:: 64340154-807c-4a7a-b783-045d5d6d3927
|
||||
- **test-and-set (or atomic exchange) instruction**
|
||||
hl-page:: 344
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
id:: 643401e0-fcec-41d3-9898-d5c4175ac464
|
||||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||||
-
|
||||
- efficacy
|
||||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||||
hl-page:: 341
|
||||
hl-color:: green
|
||||
id:: 6433fb69-1425-46b4-996f-f91da5d3e8d0
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user